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The Pulter Project
pulterproject.northwestern.edu
Poem 78

This Vast Leviathan
(Emblem 12)

Edited by Leah Knight and Wendy Wall
In this emblem, Pulter draws on two animals—the whale and the crocodile—to exemplify a common lesson: because people in a social hierarchy are interdependent, those at the top should appreciate the labors of those below. But there is nothing predictable about the vivid, or even lurid, scenarios she paints of creatures who are medicated and fed by the intestinal juices, waste products, and half-chewed food scraps of other creatures. Drawing on Jewish lore, the Bible, and natural history, the speaker first imagines Jonah’s three-day voyage into the belly of the beast as an invigorating retreat featuring a diet of fatty tissue with a side dish of “poignant sauce and unctuous caviar;” yet even the whale, whose powerful instrumentality as a host is divinely sanctioned, cannot survive without the help of a tiny fish, who benefits in turn from the whale’s leftovers. The Egyptian crocodile’s symbiotic relationship with a wren provides the second example: in sentences whose shifting pronouns make the identities of three animals dizzyingly unstable, the speaker shows that the powerful crocodile depends on a small bird’s warning that rats will crawl into its body to feast on its intestines; as a reward, the wren gets to pick half-eaten food from the beast’s teeth. The reader may remember the visceral disgust created by her examples more than Pulter’s simple if valuable moral about interdependency.
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i
1This vast
leviathan1
, whose breathing blows
2Huge floods and
shoals2
of fishes through his nose;
3He
whose fair consort in salt pickle lies3
4To feast the Jews (or else their
Talmud4
lies);
5Even
he who treated Jonah in his belly5
6With wholesome
chilus6
and
provoking jelly7
,
7With
poignant8
sauce and
unctuous9
caviar,
8A diet as restorative as rare—
9Even he, the
chief of all the sons of pride10
,
10Cannot pursue his prey without a guide.
11
The little musculus doth swim before11
,
12Lest
he12
in shelves or sands his bulk should moor.
13
And of the whale’s abundance she but lives13
;
14Th’imperious
monster14
scraps and
mammocks15
gives.
15So may you see Nile’s
caiman16
gaping lie
16Whilst in and out his mouth
the wren17
doth fly
17To wake him when the
ichneumon18
,
her19
foe,
18Into her loathéd
entrails20
strives to go;
19For which the putrid flesh
she21
picks away
20Between her teeth, this being all her pay.
21So greatest monarchs poorest vassals need;
22So hungry peasants pampered nobles feed.
23Then let those that are placed the rest above
24Answer their labor with their care and love,
25
And pity those which labor at the plough22
;
26’Tis God that made the difference and not thou.
Macron symbol indicating the end of a poem.

Elemental Edition,

edited by Leah Knight and Wendy Walli

Editorial Note

The aim of the elemental edition is to make the poems accessible to the largest variety of readers, which involves modernizing spelling and punctuation as well as adding basic glosses. Spelling and punctuation reflect current standard American usage; punctuation highlights syntax which might otherwise be obscure. Outmoded but still familiar word forms (“thou,” “‘tis,” “hold’st”) are not modernized, and we do not modernize grammar when the sense remains legible.

After a brief headnote aimed at offering a “way in” to the poem’s unique qualities and connections with other verse by Pulter or her contemporaries, the edition features a minimum of notes and interpretative framing to allow more immediate engagement with the poem. Glosses clarify synonyms or showcase various possible meanings in Pulter’s time. Other notes identify named people and places or clarify obscure material. We rely (without citation) primarily on the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the Oxford Reference database, and the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible. When we rely on Alice Eardley’s edition of Pulter’s work, we cite her text generally (“Eardley”); other sources are cited in full. The result is an edition we consider a springboard for further work on Pulter’s poetry.

See the full conventions for the elemental edition here.

Macron symbol indicating the end of a poem.
  • Leah Knight, Brock University
  • Wendy Wall, Northwestern University
  • leviathan
    a large sea animal; here, a whale
  • shoals
    schools; a large number of sea creatures swimming together
  • whose fair consort in salt pickle lies
    According to rabbinical literature, God first produced a male and female leviathan, but to prevent the species from multiplying and destroying the world, he killed the female and preserved her flesh to serve at a banquet for the righteous after the Messiah arrives. See Emil G. Hirsch, Kaufmann Kohler, Solomon Schechter, Isaac Broydé, “Leviathan and Behemoth,” jewishencyclopedia.com.
  • Talmud
    body of Jewish laws and interpretations
  • he who treated Jonah in his belly
    When Jonah is cast into the sea by fellow mariners who suspect he brings misfortune, God sends a great fish, traditionally thought of as a whale, to swallow Jonah and save him; he remains in the belly of the fish for three days and three nights (Jonah 1:15–17).
  • chilus
    the milky bodily fluid formed during digestion of fatty food
  • provoking jelly
    seemingly a reference to whale wax or oil used as medicine (since it is “provoking”—possibly a purgative—and is used here to “treat” Jonah)
  • poignant
    of a sharp taste or smell
  • unctuous
    oily, greasy, fat, rich
  • chief of all the sons of pride
    Biblical description of the Leviathan: “a king over all the children of pride” (Job 41:34).
  • The little musculus doth swim before
    Pliny, in his natural history, writes of a fish “called Musculus Marinus, which goeth before the whale … as his guide”; elsewhere, in a chapter entitled, “Of the enmity and amity which is between fishes and other water beasts,” of the “society and fellowship” between whales and this fish: “whereas the whale aforesaid hath no use of his eyes … the other swimmeth before him, serveth him instead of eyes and lights, to show when he is near the shelves and shallows, wherein he may be soone grounded, so big and huge he is.” See Book 11, Chapter 37, and Book 9, Chapter 62, in Philemon Holland’s translation of The History of the World (London, 1601).
  • he
    the leviathan, or whale
  • And of the whale’s abundance she but lives
    That is, the whole diet of the musculus derives from the whale’s excess supply.
  • monster
    the whale
  • mammocks
    scraps or shreds; broken or torn pieces
  • caiman
    a term loosely applied to some members of the crocodile family
  • the wren
    In the manuscript, an “x” between these words is keyed to a note in the left margin, which refers us to Pliny’s account of the “Trochilos”; the citation is to Book 11, Chapter 3, but in Philemon Holland’s translation, Book 8, Chapter 25 features this account of the Nile crocodile: “When he hath filled his belly with fishes, he lieth to sleep … and for that he is a great and greedy devourer, somewhat of the meat sticketh evermore between his teeth. In regard whereof cometh the wren, a little bird called there Trochilos, and the king of birds in Italy: and she, for her victual’s sake, hoppeth first about his mouth, falleth to pecking and picking it with her little neb or bill, and so forward to the teeth, which she cleanseth; and all to make him gape. Then getteth she within his mouth, which he openeth the wider, by reason that he taketh so great delight in this her scraping and scouring of his teeth and jaws.” Philemon Holland, trans., C. Plinius Secundus, The Historie of the World (London, 1601).
  • ichneumon
    An asterisk by this word in the manuscript is keyed to a note in the margin referring us to Pliny’s natural history, Book 8, Chapter 23; while that chapter features the ichneumon (a type of mongoose), the poem’s account is actually a continuation of material from Chapter 25: “when [the crocodile] is lulled as it were fast asleep with this pleasure and contentment of his: the rat of India, or ichneumon … spieth his vantage, and seeing him lie thus broad gaping, whippeth into his mouth, and shooteth himself down his throat as quick as an arrow, and then gnaweth his bowels, eateth an hole through his belly, and so killeth him.” Philemon Holland, trans., C. Plinius Secundus, The Historie of the World (London, 1601).
  • her
    the caiman’s (or crocodile’s), whose gender, according to the pronouns, seemingly shifts from male to female. While this may be a scribal error, it was not corrected by the hand that is probably Pulter’s; as such, the gender confusion may enhance the general blurring of identities created by confusing pronouns designating the bird and crocodile in the next lines. Eardley alters this pronoun, as well as the next two referring to the crocodile, to “him,” which stabilizes the crocodile’s gender. A reader might just as legitimately alter the two pronouns used earlier to refer to the crocodile to create a consistently female-gendered animal.
  • entrails
    internal organs, usually the intestines; here figuratively for the interior of the body
  • she
    the wren
  • And pity those which labor at the plough
    A note in the margin cites the biblical Ecclesiastes, Chapter 5, verse 9: “Moreover the profit of the earth is for all: the king himself is served by the field.”
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