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The Pulter Project
pulterproject.northwestern.edu
Poem 4

The
Complaint of Thames1
, 1647, When the Best of Kings was Imprisoned by the Worst of Rebels at Holmby

Edited by Leah Knight and Wendy Wall
In this political-pastoral complaint (in iambic pentameter couplets), the narrator discovers the river Thames mourning the imprisonment of King Charles I in 1647 and the national crisis that has ensued because of the civil war. The use of a frame tale and an embedded narrator was common in Renaissance complaint poems (by William Shakespeare, Samuel Daniel, Thomas Lodge, and others). In this poem, however, Pulter creates a personification of a topographical feature, who testifies to the decline of England and lauds the glory of Charles I and past English rulers (whose erotically-described travel over her waters made her the envy of all the rivers of the world). After inventorying world rivers and mourning the loss of their admiration, the Thames fantasizes that she might stream underground and transport Cromwell and parliamentary authorities to a hellish classical underworld. She then offers to immortalize the king with the only material she can offer: the watery tears of grief.
Compare Editions
i
1Late in an evening as I walked alone,
2I heard the Thames most sadly make her moan.
3As she came weeping from her western spring,
4She thus bewailed the
learnéd shepherd’s king2
:
5“
Amintas3
, sad Amintas, sits forlorn,
6And his fair Chloris now’s become the scorn
7Of
Troynovant’s4
ingrate5
licentious dames.
8No marvel, then, if poor afflicted Thames
9With salt,
abortive6
tears does wash this city,
10As full of blood and lies as void of pity.
11
Perfidious7
town, know thou the power of fate:
12Thy long felicity shall find a
date8
,
13And I may live to see another
turn9
,
14When thy proud
fabric10
shall unpitied burn.
15Then Heaven, just Heaven, withhold thy rain,
16And I will leave my channel once again,
17As when my holy
Albion’s11
blood was spilt;
18
Seeking12
to wash away
thy13
horrid guilt
19Is more impossible than ’tis to change
20
The skins of Negroes that in Afric range14
.
21Then, when thou fryest in vengeful flames of fire,
22Thy scorchéd
genius15
ready to expire—
23Thy tongue and mouth
sable16
as
salamander17
24With speaking ’gainst thy king and queen such slander—
25Then not a drop of my cool crystal
have18
26To cool thy
sulfurous19
tongue, or life to save;
27But when I have of thee seen all my
lust20
28And all thy pride and glory turned to dust,
29Then I, triumphant with my watery train,
30Will make this city
quagmires21
once again.
31But O,
thy22
blood23
and perjuries repent;
32Then Heaven, I hope, in mercy will relent.
33Thy king restore, call home his
queen24
again,
34Or all thy prayer and fasting is in vain.
35Hast thou forgot? Ay me—so have not I—
36Those
halcyon25
days, the sweet tranquility
37That we enjoyed under his happy reign,
38Which heaven will once restore to us again,
39Unless the dismal line of dissolution
40(Which O, forbid) be
drawn26
upon this nation.
41Oft have I born upon my silver
breast27
42His lovely Chloris, like
Aurora28
dressed
43With youth and beauty, with her princely spouse.
44Envied I was by
Severn, Humber, Ouse29
;
45The sacred
Dee30
said she no more would boast
46
Her showing conquest on the conquering coast31
,
47Though
Edgar’s32
glory from her river springs,
48When he, in triumph, by eight captive kings
49Was rowed upon her famous crystal stream;
50Those former honors showed now like a dream.
51Nay, the
Danube33
said she would ne’er rehearse
52Her being biggest in the universe.
53Even
Tagus34
would not brag of golden sands,
54But said she envied more my happy
strands35
.
55
So said the Loire36
. In envy
Po37
took on38
:
56Though she were honored by a
Phaeton39
,
57And Egypt’s glory,
Nilus40
, stately stream,
58Said her felicities were but a dream,
59When on her o’erflowing waves were seen
60The Roman eagles and her
black-eyed queen41
.
61And silver
Ganges42
said the sacrifice
62The
Banians43
brought with elevated eyes—
63Though all their carcasses, by fire
calcined44
,
64Were in her purifying waves refined;
65Though all their wealth and treasure in they hurled,
66And she were Lady of the eastern world—
67Yet all that glory she did count a toy,
68Compared, she said, with happy
Thames her joy45
.
69
Tiber46
said of
Horatius47
’s valor brave
70She ne’er would speak, but I the praise should have.
71Crystal
Euphrates48
never did envy
72The glory of no other flood but I;
73Though from a thousand founts her stream doth spring,
74Yet did she never bear so good a king.
75Through lofty
Babylon49
her river flows,
76And
earthly paradise she doth enclose50
,
77Though brave
Semiramis51
enlarge her fame,
78Yet doth she envy still the English Thame.
79But now, alas, they envy me no more,
80But with their tears my heavy loss
deplore52
.
81Oft have I born my sacred sovereign’s barge,
82Being richly gilt, most proud of such a charge.
83My waves would swell to see his princely face,
84Each billow loath to give his fellow place.
85Sometimes they would rise to kiss his royal hand,
86And hardly would give back at my command,
87Billow with billow strive, and ruffling roar,
88Scorning the blow of either hand or oar;
89But now, insulting, on my billows ride
90
The kingdom’s scourges and this city’s pride53
,
91Which make my trembling stream lamenting roar,
92And her sad loss with troubled breast deplore.
93Come, kind
Charybdis54
, come, O come and
help’s55
;
94Sweet lovely Scylla, bring thy barking
whelps56
.
95Then should
they57
need no monument nor tomb,
96But
Oceanus’s58
dark and horrid womb
97Should them
involve59
. But wishes are in vain:
98I will roar out my grief unto the
main60
.
99Now all the beauty that my waves adorn
100Are snowy swans that sadly swim, forlorn;
101Nor do they in the sun their feathers prune,
102As they were
wont61
, nor yet their voices tune.
103But in despairs, hanging their head and wing,
104This kingdom’s
dirges62
they, expiring,
sing63
.
105O, that it in my power were to refuse
106To see this town like crystal
Arethuse64
,
107Below this curséd earth I would hide my head,
108And run amongst the caverns of the dead,
109Where my pure wave with
Acheron65
should mix
110With
Lethe, Phlegethon, Cocytus, Styx66
.
111Then would I
waft67
them68
to the
Stygian69
shade,
112Examples unto rebels to be made.
113O my sad heart, these are but foolish dreams,
114For they triumph upon my conquered streams.
115Yet this I’ll do while sighs
breathes up70
my spring:
116I’ll trickle tears for my afflicted king,
117And look how far one drop of crystal Thames
118Doth run; so far I’ll memorize their fames,
119So shall my grief immortalize
their71
names.”
120I, hearing these complaints, though time to sleep,
121Sat sadly down, and with her ’gan to weep.
Macron symbol indicating the end of a poem.

Elemental Edition,

edited by Leah Knight and Wendy Walli

Editorial Note

The aim of the elemental edition is to make the poems accessible to the largest variety of readers, which involves modernizing spelling and punctuation as well as adding basic glosses. Spelling and punctuation reflect current standard American usage; punctuation highlights syntax which might otherwise be obscure. Outmoded but still familiar word forms (“thou,” “‘tis,” “hold’st”) are not modernized, and we do not modernize grammar when the sense remains legible.

After a brief headnote aimed at offering a “way in” to the poem’s unique qualities and connections with other verse by Pulter or her contemporaries, the edition features a minimum of notes and interpretative framing to allow more immediate engagement with the poem. Glosses clarify synonyms or showcase various possible meanings in Pulter’s time. Other notes identify named people and places or clarify obscure material. We rely (without citation) primarily on the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the Oxford Reference database, and the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible. When we rely on Alice Eardley’s edition of Pulter’s work, we cite her text generally (“Eardley”); other sources are cited in full. The result is an edition we consider a springboard for further work on Pulter’s poetry.

See the full conventions for the elemental edition here.

Macron symbol indicating the end of a poem.
  • Leah Knight, Brock University
  • Wendy Wall, Northwestern University
  • Complaint of Thames
    The complaint, a common poetic form of the day, is voiced by the river Thames, which flows eastwards from Gloucestershire to London (hence the “western spring” in l. 3). The Thames mourns the imprisonment of King Charles at Holmby, a Northamptonshire estate (also known as Holdenby House) where King Charles was imprisoned after his surrender in the civil war in 1647.
  • learnéd shepherd’s king
    King Charles, figured as the head of a courtly flock
  • Amintas
    common male pastoral name for a shepherd; the female equivalent is Chloris, mentioned in the next line.
  • Troynovant’s
    The name given by the early chroniclers to London, which was presumed to be built by Brutus, a Trojan refugee; it indicates the city of the Trinovantes or The New Troy.
  • ingrate
    ungrateful
  • abortive
    fruitless
  • Perfidious
    untrustworthy
  • date
    come to an end
  • turn
    of Fortune’s wheel
  • fabric
    edifice; structure
  • Albion’s
    could refer to St. Alban or to Albion. Eardley: St. Alban, killed in the third century AD for harboring a priest; at his urging, God dried up waters so that he could cross a stream to be executed and complete his martyrdom; Albion, another name for Britain, from a giant slain by Hercules, whose spilt blood would reference civil war
  • Seeking
    corrected from “seeing” in the manuscript
  • thy
    London’s
  • The skins of Negroes that in Afric range
    Afric, or Africa; this line and the one above it allude to the biblical phrase naming impossibility: “Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots?” (Jeremiah 13:23), which was proverbial in early modern England
  • genius
    spirit
  • sable
    black
  • salamander
    lizard-like animal, some of which have a black color, supposedly able to endure fire
  • have
    modified from "wave" in the manuscript
  • sulfurous
    fiery; hellish
  • lust
    pleasure; desire; vigor
  • quagmires
    wet boggy lands that give way under foot; a situation that is unpleasant or hazardous, or from which it is difficult to extricate oneself
  • thy
    London
  • blood
    responsibility for violence or bloodshed
  • queen
    Henrietta Maria, King Charles’s wife
  • halcyon
    peaceful
  • drawn
    forced, traced (figuratively)
  • breast
    forefront, face, swelling or supporting surface
  • Aurora
    Roman goddess of the dawn
  • Severn, Humber, Ouse
    major rivers in England
  • Dee
    river flowing from Wales across the north of England, sacred because linked to a river goddess
  • Her showing conquest on the conquering coast
    the River Dee flows across Wales and England to reach the North Sea
  • Edgar’s
    Edgar, king of England from 959-979; it was reputed that eight other kings signalled submission to Edgar by rowing him down the River Dee.
  • Danube
    second longest European river
  • Tagus
    longest river on the Iberian peninsula, famous for gold-bearing sands
  • strands
    shores
  • So said the Loire
    The Loire agreed. The Loire is the longest river in France.
  • Po
    longest river in Italy
  • took on
    proceeded; began [talking]; or possibly in sense 5 of “to take on” (OED, take, v.): spoke or acted madly or excitedly; showed great agitation or distress.
  • Phaeton
    son of Helios, the sun god; his scorched body fell into the Eridanus River, later known as the River Po of Italy, when he lost control when attempting to drive the sun-chariot.
  • Nilus
    Nile river, longest in the world
  • black-eyed queen
    Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt (51-30 BCE); with the eagles, emblems of Rome, pointing to Julius Caesar and Marc Antony, each of whom travelled the Nile
  • Ganges
    sacred river in India
  • Banians
    Hindu traders
  • calcined
    purified by burning
  • Thames her joy
    that is, the Thames’s joy. One common early modern way to signal the possessive form grammatically was called the “his genitive,” in which the word “his” or “her” modified the thing possessed (such as Elizabeth her book).
  • Tiber
    river in Italy flowing through Rome
  • Horatius
    a Roman hero who volunteered to be one of the last defenders of a bridge over the river Tiber against an Etruscan army intent on invading Rome
  • Euphrates
    river near Garden of Eden
  • Babylon
    famous city in ancient Mesopotamia
  • earthly paradise she doth enclose
    Euphrates is associated with the Garden of Eden, Genesis 2:14.
  • Semiramis
    queen of Assyria (811-806 BCE)
  • deplore
    lament
  • The kingdom’s scourges and this city’s pride
    Cromwell and parliamentarians in London who had opposed King Charles
  • Charybdis
    In Greek mythology, a whirlpool found on straits, opposite to Scylla, a threatening six-headed monster surrounded by dogs (mentioned in the next line)
  • help’s
    help us
  • whelps
    dogs
  • they
    the kingdom’s scourges
  • Oceanus’s
    In Greek mythology, the son of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaia (Earth), the personification of the great river believed to encircle the whole world.
  • involve
    envelop
  • main
    the open sea
  • wont
    accustomed to do
  • dirges
    songs of mourning
  • sing
    swans traditionally were understood to sing when dying
  • Arethuse
    Arethusa, in classical mythology, the nymph with whom Alpheus fell in love, and who flowed underground to escape him, before being turned into a fountain
  • Acheron
    river of Hades
  • Lethe, Phlegethon, Cocytus, Styx
    rivers of Hades
  • waft
    convey by water
  • them
    the anti-royalists mentioned as the kingdom’s scourges, above, and three lines below (“they”)
  • Stygian
    hellish, gloomy, associated with the River Styx
  • breathes up
    evaporates; exhales; taints
  • their
    corrected from “them”
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