• No results
ElementalAmplified
Manuscript
Notes
#
The Pulter Project
pulterproject.northwestern.edu
Poem 77

The Dubious Raven
(Emblem 11)

Edited by Leah Knight and Wendy Wall
As often in her emblems, Pulter turns from some odd zoological fact to offer a moral to an apparent plurality of listeners—here, an “us,” soon transmuted to a “thee”—before ending by addressing herself alone. But where other emblems seek a broad audience—such as the “parents” in The Indian Moose (Emblem 7)73—here her “us” and “thee” seem, by poem’s end, identical with the speaker herself, or no more than herself and her “soul.” She counsels the latter against despair in the face of trying circumstances: dying friends and relations; parents bereft of comfort; her only love forsaking her. In the face of all this, the speaker proffers this little tidbit: did you know that God listens to raven mothers in their crises of faith–if only as to the parentage of their offspring? He does, by helpfully providing feathers that identify them as her own! So why should people worry? As if to forestall any number of easy comebacks, the speaker then rapidly changes the subject, while sticking with the general raven theme, by noting that God also deployed these birds, despite their hard hearts, to feed Elijah. How these matters interrelate (beyond their shared raven quotient) is unclear, but she links them loosely to a kind of lesson: “Thus God’s affections altereth every hour / To show to us His infinite love and power.” Is this … reassuring? Sometimes God likes ravens enough to have them feed his favorites; sometimes not so much, so they don’t even know their own babies. Uneasily, Pulter suggests that in the face of our uncertain (“dubious”) mortal circumstances, faith in God’s mercy—unpredictable yet infinite—is the only recourse, from ravens on up; and if ravens can handle it, so can she.
Compare Editions
i
1The
dubious1
raven2
doth her young forsake;
2Whilst
callow3
, she no care of them will take
3Till she perceives their plumes of sable hue,
4They being nourished with
celestial dew4
.
5If God the voice of
volatiles5
doth hear,
6Why should His children then so faint and fear?
7’Twas He that these hard-hearted birds did make
8
Of6
His Elijah constant care to take;
9When he involvéd was in want and sorrow,
10
They brought him bread and flesh both eve and morrow.7
11Thus God’s affections altereth every hour
12To show to us His infinite love and power.
13Then as thy friends and near relations die,
14To Him alone (to Him) for comfort fly;
15For though thy father and thy mother be
16In no capacity to comfort thee;
17And though successive sorrows and new fears
18
Makes8
thee His altar cover o’er with tears;
19Nay, though thy only love doth thee forsake,
20Yet He will then thee to His mercy take.
21Despair not then my soul, but patient be,
22For He that hears young ravens will hear thee.
Macron symbol indicating the end of a poem.

Elemental Edition,

edited by Leah Knight and Wendy Walli

Editorial Note

The aim of the elemental edition is to make the poems accessible to the largest variety of readers, which involves modernizing spelling and punctuation as well as adding basic glosses. Spelling and punctuation reflect current standard American usage; punctuation highlights syntax which might otherwise be obscure. Outmoded but still familiar word forms (“thou,” “‘tis,” “hold’st”) are not modernized, and we do not modernize grammar when the sense remains legible.

After a brief headnote aimed at offering a “way in” to the poem’s unique qualities and connections with other verse by Pulter or her contemporaries, the edition features a minimum of notes and interpretative framing to allow more immediate engagement with the poem. Glosses clarify synonyms or showcase various possible meanings in Pulter’s time. Other notes identify named people and places or clarify obscure material. We rely (without citation) primarily on the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the Oxford Reference database, and the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible. When we rely on Alice Eardley’s edition of Pulter’s work, we cite her text generally (“Eardley”); other sources are cited in full. The result is an edition we consider a springboard for further work on Pulter’s poetry.

See the full conventions for the elemental edition here.

Macron symbol indicating the end of a poem.
  • Leah Knight, Brock University
  • Wendy Wall, Northwestern University
  • dubious
    doubtful, uncertain
  • raven
    This poem features many marginal notes in the hand of the main scribe. Here, a marginal note cites sources for the raven: Psalm: 147:9 (“He giveth to the beast his food, and to the young ravens which cry.”); Job: 38:41 (“Who provideth for the raven his food? when his young ones cry unto God, they wander for lack of meat.”); Luke: 12:24 (“Consider the ravens: for they neither sow nor reap; which neither have storehouse nor barn; and God feedeth them: how much more are ye better than the fowls?”); and “Doctor Sanderson out of Aristotle … and Pliny,” which seems to be a reference to Robert Sanderson: “if God so sufficiently provide for the young ravens, when the dams forsake them: will he not much more take care of us, when our fathers and mothers forsake us? Are not we (stamped with his own image) much more valuable with him than many ravens[?]” Twenty Sermons Formerly Preached (London, 1656), p.282. See the same author: “sometimes he [God] commanded the ravens to feed Elijah; a bird so unnatural to her young ones, that they might famish for her, if God did not otherwise provide for them; and therefore it is noted in the Scripture as a special argument of God’s providence, that he feedeth the young ravens that call upon him.” Two Sermons Preached at Paul’s Cross London (London, 1628), p.115. Sanderson cites the same sources that appear in Pulter’s margin.
  • callow
    without feathers
  • celestial dew
    i.e, God provides for the young ravens.
  • volatiles
    flying creatures
  • Of
    A marginal note offers a source for this passage on Elijah in 1 Kings 17:4, where God declares, “And it shall be, that thou [Elijah] shalt drink of the brook; and I have commanded the ravens to feed thee there.”
  • They brought him bread and flesh both eve and morrow.
    1 Kings 17:4: “And the ravens brought him [Elijah] bread and flesh in the morning, and bread and flesh in the evening.”
  • Makes
    A marginal note offers a source for this passage on the altar in Malachi 2:13: “And this have ye done again, covering the altar of the Lord with tears, with weeping, and with crying out, insomuch that he regardeth not the offering any more, or receiveth it with good will at your hand.”
The Pulter Project

Copyright © 2021
Wendy Wall, Leah Knight, Northwestern University, others.

Except where otherwise noted, this site is licensed
under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 License.

How to cite
About the project
Editorial conventions
Who is Hester Pulter?
Scholarship
Get in touch